The national flag of Japan is a rectangular white banner bearing a crimson-red disc at its center. This flag is
officially called Nisshōki (日章旗, the "flag of sun"), but is more commonly known in Japan as Hinomaru (日の丸,
the "circle of the sun"). It embodies the country's sobriquet: Land of the Rising Sun.
The Nisshōki flag is designated as the national flag in the Act on National Flag and Anthem, which was promulgated
and became effective on August 13, 1999. Although no earlier legislation had specified a national flag, the
sun-disc flag had already become the de facto national flag of Japan. Two proclamations issued in 1870 by the
Daijō-kan, the governmental body of the early Meiji period, each had a provision for a design of the national
flag. A sun-disc flag was adopted as the national flag for merchant ships under Proclamation No. 57 of Meiji 3
(issued on February 27, 1870), and as the national flag used by the Navy under Proclamation No. 651 of Meiji 3
(issued on October 27, 1870). Use of the Hinomaru was severely restricted during the early years of the Allied
occupation of Japan after World War II; these restrictions were later relaxed.
The sun plays an important role in Japanese mythology and religion as the Emperor is said to be the direct
descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu and the legitimacy of the ruling house rested on this divine appointment
and descent from the chief deity of the predominant Shinto religion. The name of the country as well as the design
of the flag reflect this central importance of the sun. The ancient history Shoku Nihongi says that Emperor Monmu
used a flag representing the sun in his court in 701, and this is the first recorded use of a sun-motif flag in
Japan. The oldest existing flag is preserved in Unpō-ji temple, Kōshū, Yamanashi, which is older than the 16th
century, and an ancient legend says that the flag was given to the temple by Emperor Go-Reizei in the 11th
century. During the Meiji Restoration, both the sun disc and the Rising Sun Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy
became major symbols in the emerging Japanese Empire. Propaganda posters, textbooks, and films depicted the flag
as a source of pride and patriotism. In Japanese homes, citizens were required to display the flag during national
holidays, celebrations and other occasions as decreed by the government. Different tokens of devotion to Japan and
its Emperor featuring the Hinomaru motif became popular among the public during the Second Sino-Japanese War and
other conflicts. These tokens ranged from slogans written on the flag to clothing items and dishes that resembled
the flag. (Source: Wikipedia)